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Cabinet of Singapore

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The Cabinet of Singapore forms the executive branch of the Government of Singapore together with the President. It is led by the Prime Minister who is the head of government. The prime minister is a Member of Parliament (MP) appointed by the president who in the president's judgment is likely to command the confidence of the majority of the Members of Parliament (MPs). The other Ministers in the Cabinet are Members of Parliament appointed by the president acting in accordance with the advice of the prime minister. Ministers are prohibited from holding any office of profit and from actively engaging in any commercial enterprise.

The Cabinet has the general direction and control of the Government and is collectively responsible to Parliament. It also has significant influence over lawmaking. Ministers may be designated by the prime minister to be in charge of particular ministries, or as Ministers in the Prime Minister's Office. Singapore's ministers are the highest paid in the world. Prior to a salary review in 2011, the prime minister's annual salary was S$3.07 million, while the pay of ministerial-level officers ranged between S$1.58 million and S$2.37 million.[1] On 21 May 2011, a committee was appointed by the prime minister to review the salaries of the prime minister as well as the president, political appointment holders, and Members of Parliament.[2] Following the recommended wage reductions by the committee which were then debated and subsequently accepted in Parliament, the prime minister's salary was reduced by 36% (includes the removal of his pension) to S$2.2 million.[1] Nonetheless, the prime minister remains the highest-paid political leader in the world.[3]

The earliest predecessor of the Cabinet was the Executive Council of the Straits Settlements, introduced in 1877 to advise the Governor of the Straits Settlements. It wielded no executive power. In 1955, a Council of Ministers was created, made up of three ex officio Official Members and six Elected Members of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore, appointed by the governor on the recommendation of the leader of the house. Following the general elections that year, David Saul Marshall became the first Chief Minister of Singapore. Constitutional talks between Legislative Assembly representatives and the Colonial Office were held from 1956 to 1958, and Singapore gained full internal self-government in 1959. The governor was replaced by the Yang di-Pertuan Negara, who had power to appoint to the post of prime minister the person most likely to command the authority of the Assembly, and other ministers of the Cabinet on the prime minister's advice. In the 1959 general elections, the People's Action Party (PAP) swept to power with 43 out of the 51 seats in the Assembly, and Lee Kuan Yew became the first Prime Minister of Singapore. The executive branch of the Government of Singapore remained unchanged following Singapore's merger with Malaysia in 1963, and subsequent independence in 1965.

Following the 2020 general election, a Cabinet reshuffle took place on 27 July 2020 for the "4G" leaders to experience different ministries with 37 political office holders, the same number as the previous Cabinet. Heng Swee Keat was assigned an additional role as Coordinating Minister for Economic Policies while maintaining his other appointments as Minister for Finance and Deputy Prime Minister.

Gan Kim Yong, Ong Ye Kung, Josephine Teo, Lawrence Wong, S. Iswaran and Chan Chun Sing were reshuffled into new portfolios as Minister. Tan See Leng was appointed as Minister for Manpower after Heng Swee Keat ruled himself out as the PAP's 4G leader and the next prime minister. While Lee Hsien Loong, Teo Chee Hean, Tharman Shanmugaratnam, Ng Eng Hen, Vivian Balakrishnan, Grace Fu and K. Shanmugam retained their portfolios with no new appointments. Indranee Rajah was also reshuffled into a new ministry as second minister while maintaining her role as Minister in the Prime Minister's Office as of 15 May 2021.

Maliki Osman and Edwin Tong were both promoted to a minister position. Tan See Leng was newly appointed into the cabinet as both a minister and second minister.[4]

On 6 June 2022, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced his new Cabinet line-up and other political appointments on 6 June 2022. These changes will take effect from 13 June 2022. Lawrence Wong will be promoted to Deputy Prime Minister. He will be the Acting Prime Minister in the absence of the Prime Minister and will continue as Minister for Finance.

Tan Kiat How, Chee Hong Tat were reshuffled to a new ministry as senior minister of state. Eric Chua, Baey Yam Keng and Rahayu Mahzam will be promoted and appointed to Senior Parliamentary Secretary. Koh Poh Koon will be appointed Senior Minister of State.

Sun Xueling and Desmond Tan will be appointed Minister of State and Minister of State in the Prime Minister's Office respectively.

History[]

Up to the outbreak of World War II, Singapore was part of the Crown colony known as the Straits Settlements together with Malacca and Penang. The earliest predecessor of the Cabinet was arguably the Executive Council of the Straits Settlements that was introduced in 1877 by letters patent issued by the Crown,[5] though its function was very different from that of today's Cabinet. The council, which was composed of "such persons and constituted in such manner as may be directed" by royal instructions,[6] existed to advise the Governor of the Straits Settlements and wielded no executive power (including the Colonial Secretary). The Governor was required to consult the Executive Council on all affairs of importance unless they were too urgent to be laid before it, or if reference to it would prejudice the public service. In such urgent cases, the Governor had to inform the Council of the measures he had taken.[7][8]

File:Williamrobinson.jpg

Sir William Cleaver Francis Robinson (1834–1897), the Governor of the Straits Settlements when the Executive Council of the Straits Settlements was introduced in 1877

Following the Second World War, the Straits Settlements were disbanded and Singapore became a Crown colony in its own right.[9] The reconstituted Executive Council consisted of six officials and four nominated "unofficials".[10] In February 1954, the Rendel Constitutional Commission under the chairmanship of Sir George William Rendel, which had been appointed to comprehensively review the constitution of the Colony of Singapore, rendered its report. Among other things, it recommended that a Council of Ministers be created, composed of three ex officio Official Members and six Elected Members of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of the Leader of the House, who would be the leader of the largest political party or coalition of parties having majority support in the legislature. The recommendation was implemented in 1955.[11] In the general election held that year, the Labour Front took a majority of the seats in the Assembly, and David Saul Marshall became the first Chief Minister of Singapore. Major problems with the Rendel Constitution were that the Chief Minister and ministers' powers were ill-defined, and that the Official Members retained control of the finance, administration, and internal security and law portfolios. This led to confrontation between Marshall, who saw himself as a Prime Minister governing the country, and the Governor, Sir John Fearns Nicoll, who felt that important decisions and policies should remain with himself and the Official Members.[12][13]

File:LeeKuanYew-20051106.jpg

Lee Kuan Yew, who was elected the first Prime Minister of Singapore in 1959, in a 2005 photograph

In 1956, members of the Legislative Assembly held constitutional talks with the Colonial Office in London. The talks broke down as Marshall did not agree to the British Government's proposal for the casting vote on a proposed Defence Council to be held by the British High Commissioner to Singapore, who would only exercise it in an emergency. Marshall resigned as Chief Minister in June 1956, and was replaced by Lim Yew Hock.[14] The following year, Lim led another delegation to the UK for further talks on self-government. This time, agreement was reached on the composition of an Internal Security Council.[15] Other constitutional arrangements were swiftly settled in 1958, and on 1 August the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the State of Singapore Act 1958 (6 & 7 Eliz. 2. c. 59 (UK)) granting the colony full internal self-government. Under Singapore's new constitution which came into force on 3 June 1959,[16] the Governor was replaced by the Yang di-Pertuan Negara (Head of State), who had power to appoint as Prime Minister the person most likely to command the authority of the Legislative Assembly, and other Ministers of the Cabinet on the Prime Minister's advice.[17] The Constitution also created the post of the British High Commissioner,[18] who was entitled to receive the agenda of each Cabinet meeting and to see all Cabinet papers. In the 1959 general elections, the People's Action Party (PAP) swept to power with 43 out of the 51 seats in the Assembly, and Lee Kuan Yew became the first Prime Minister of Singapore. Nine other Ministers were appointed to the Cabinet.[19]

The British High Commissioner's role became that of an ambassador following Singapore's independence from Britain and merger with Malaysia in 1963. Apart from that the executive branch of the Singapore Government remained largely unchanged,[20] although now it governed a state within a larger federation. However, with effect from 9 August 1965, Singapore left the Federation of Malaysia and became a fully independent republic. On separation from Malaysia, the Singapore Government retained its executive authority, and the executive authority of the Parliament of Malaysia ceased to extend to Singapore and vested in the Singapore Government.[21] The Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the Supreme Head of State of Malaysia, also ceased to be the Supreme Head of Singapore and relinquished his sovereignty, jurisdiction, power and authority, executive or otherwise in respect of Singapore, which revested in the Yang di-Pertuan Negara of Singapore.[22] The Republic of Singapore Independence Act 1965[23] then vested the executive authority of Singapore in the newly created post of President, and made it exercisable by him or by the Cabinet or by any Minister authorized by the Cabinet.

Structure of government[]

Singapore inherited a Westminster system of government from the British. In such systems, there is an overlap between the executive and legislative branches of government. The head of state, who is the President of Singapore, is a member of both the executive Government of Singapore and the Parliament of Singapore but plays a minimal role in them. Executive power lies in the hands of the Cabinet, which is made up of the Prime Minister of Singapore (the head of government) and other Ministers.[24] At the same time, the Prime Minister and Ministers are also Members of Parliament (MPs).

Following constitutional reforms in 1991, the office of President was transformed from an appointed to an elected post. Thus, both the President and MPs are elected to their posts by the citizens of Singapore in separate elections.[25]

Appointment of Cabinet[]

File:Tharman Shanmugaratnam Official photo 2023.tif

Tharman Shanmugaratnam, the incumbent President of Singapore.

The President appoints as Prime Minister an MP who, in his or her judgment, is likely to command the confidence of the majority of the MPs.[26] In practice, the Prime Minister is usually the leader of the political party holding the majority of the seats in Parliament.[27]

The President also appoints other Ministers to the Cabinet from among the MPs, acting in accordance with the Prime Minister's advice.[26] Any MP, including a Non-Constituency Member of Parliament (NCMP) or a Nominated Member of Parliament (NMP), may be appointed a Minister. Thus it is possible for a person who was not elected by voters to be appointed by Parliament as an NMP, then by the President as a Minister. In 1990, then Deputy Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong said in Parliament: "I would rather that a government has the flexibility to appoint the right person to be the minister for finance, than to compel that government to select from whoever is available in the House."[28] However, he added that the Government had no intention to appoint a Cabinet minister from among the NMPs at that time. In May 2009, MP Hri Kumar proposed during a Parliamentary debate that this stand be reconsidered as the Prime Minister would be able to draw on the experience of many capable Singaporeans. He expressed the view that this would not offend democratic principles. Singapore's Parliamentary system placed more weight on the party in power rather than individual MPs, and "Parliamentarians must still win the support from the ground and, ultimately, the PM and the ruling party and his Cabinet team will still be answerable to the electorate at elections."[29] Critics have commented that adopting the practice would disenchant Singaporeans, deepen the already parochial political culture, and lead to a lack of accountability and legitimacy.[30]

Before entering on the duties of their office, the Prime Minister and other Ministers must take and subscribe (sign) the Oath of Allegiance and an oath for the due execution of their offices before the President.[31] The Oath of Allegiance reads as follows:

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The oath for the due execution of the office of Prime Minister or a Minister is as follows:

Template:Blockquote

Cabinet members are prohibited from holding any office of profit or actively engaging in any commercial enterprise.[32] In addition, they are required to comply with a Code of Conduct for Ministers.[33] For example, to counter potential allegations of corruption and unexplained wealth and to avoid potential conflicts between private interests and public responsibilities, the Code requires every Minister, upon appointment to office, to disclose in confidence to the President through the Prime Minister all sources of income other than his salary as a Minister and as an MP. This must include all assets, such as financial assets, real property, interests in any company or professional practice, and any other substantial personal assets as well as financial liabilities, including mortgages and borrowings.[34] A Minister must also "scrupulously avoid any actual or apparent conflict of interest between his office and his private financial interests".[35] Thus, a Minister is not permitted to accept any favour of any kind from persons in negotiation with, or seeking to obtain any licence or enter into any contractual relations with, the Government,[36] or to use official information that comes to him as a Minister for his own private profit or the profit of any family member or associate.[37]

Vacation of office[]

The President must declare the office of Prime Minister vacant if the Prime Minister resigns his office, or if the President, acting in his discretion, is satisfied that the Prime Minister has ceased to command the confidence of a majority of the MPs. In the latter situation, the President is required first to inform the Prime Minister of his evaluation in this regard, and if the Prime Minister requests him to, the President may dissolve Parliament instead of making a declaration of vacancy.[38] A general election must be held within three months after the dissolution of Parliament.[39] This gives the former Prime Minister the opportunity to consolidate support by receiving a fresh mandate at the polls.[27]

At present, it is not clear what evidence the President may rely on to be satisfied that the Prime Minister has ceased to command the confidence of a majority of MPs, as the Singapore courts have not yet had to decide the issue. In the Sarawak case of Stephen Kalong Ningkan v. Tun Abang Haji Openg,[40] decided on provisions similar to those in the Singapore Constitution, the court found that the phrase ceased to command the confidence of a majority of the Members of Parliament was a term of art which had to be signified by a formal vote of no confidence taken by the legislature. In contrast, a Sabah court held in Datuk Amir Kahar v. Tun Mohd Said bin Keruak, Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sabah[41] that loss of confidence could be assessed on the basis of evidence other than a legislative vote.[42] This might include, for instance, media reports or letters addressed to the President.

Other Cabinet ministers must vacate their office if they resign, or if their appointments are revoked by the President acting in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister.[43] A person who has vacated his or her office as Minister may, if qualified, be subsequently appointed again as a Minister.[44]

The Prime Minister and other Ministers who make up the Cabinet do not vacate their offices upon a dissolution of Parliament, but continue in their posts until the first sitting of the next Parliament following a general election.[45]

Responsibilities and remuneration[]

File:Lee Hsien Loong 2004-11-21.jpg

The Cabinet is headed by the Prime Minister, Lee Hsien Loong, photographed here on 21 November 2004

The executive authority of Singapore is vested in the President and is exercisable by him or by the Cabinet of Singapore or any Minister authorized by the Cabinet.[46] However, the President normally plays a nominal and largely ceremonial role in the executive branch of government. Although the President acts in his personal discretion in the exercise of certain functions as a check on the Cabinet and Parliament of Singapore,[47] he is otherwise required to act in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet or of a Minister acting under the general authority of the Cabinet.[48] It is the Cabinet that has the general direction and control of the Government.[49] As Singapore follows the Westminster system of government, the legislative agenda of Parliament is determined by the Cabinet. At the start of each new Parliamentary session, the President gives an address prepared by the Cabinet that outlines what the Cabinet intends to achieve in the session.[50]

Under the Constitution, the Cabinet is collectively responsible to Parliament.[49] In theory, Parliament acts as a check on the power of the Cabinet as Ministers are required to justify their actions and policies upon being questioned by MPs. However, in Singapore this is a weak check because the ruling People's Action Party holds a large Parliamentary majority, and party members who are MPs are required by party discipline to vote according to the party Whip's instructions.[42]

The Cabinet may not be summoned except by the authority of the Prime Minister.[51] As far as is practicable, the Prime Minister is required to attend and preside at Cabinet meetings, but in his absence he may appoint another Minister to preside.[52]

Whenever the Prime Minister is ill, absent from Singapore, or has been granted leave of absence from his duties, the functions conferred on him by the Constitution are exercisable by any other Minister authorized by the President.[53] In general, the President must act in accordance with the Prime Minister's advice in appointing a Minister for this purpose. However, the President may act in his own discretion if in his opinion it is impracticable to obtain the advice of the Prime Minister due to his illness or absence.[54]

Responsibilities of Ministers[]

The Prime Minister may, by giving written directions, charge any Minister with responsibility for any department or subject.[55] In practice, this is done by issuing notifications that are published in the Government Gazette. For instance, the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Responsibility of Senior Minister and Co-ordinating Minister for National Security, Prime Minister's Office) Notification 2009[56] states:

Template:Blockquote

Ministers may be designated by the Prime Minister to be in charge of particular ministries, or as Ministers in the Prime Minister's Office. Such Ministers were formerly known as Ministers without portfolio.

The Prime Minister may retain any department or subject in his charge.[57]

Remuneration[]

Before 2010[]

When Singapore gained its independence from Malaysia in 1965, the prime minister's monthly salary was based on that of the chief minister when Singapore was still a British colony, and was fixed at Template:SGD (Template:Inflation). The monthly salary was not adjusted until 1973, when ministerial pay was revised and the prime minister's salary was increased to Template:SGD (Template:Inflation) a month. The justification given by then Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew was to help select new leaders amidst a better economic position.[58]

In 1994, then Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong received a monthly salary of nearly Template:SGD (Template:Inflation, about Template:SGD a year), while other ministers earned about Template:SGD (Template:Inflation, about Template:SGD a year). This made them among the highest paid government ministers in the world.[59] In October that year, the Government issued a white paper entitled Competitive Salaries for Competent & Honest Government[60] which proposed that the salaries of ministers and civil servants be pegged at two-thirds the average principal earned income of the top four earners in six professions: accounting, banking, engineering, law, local manufacturing firms and multinational corporations. These professions were chosen because their top members had general management skills which ministers also had to have. According to the white paper, the one-third "discount" would be "a visible demonstration of the sacrifice involved in becoming a minister". Although "[s]alaries should never be the motivation for persons to become ministers", the financial sacrifice had to be minimized if outstanding and committed Singaporeans were to be encouraged to take on the "risks and public responsibilities of a political career".[61] The benchmark would also be used to determine the pay of the President, Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister, Attorney-General, Chairman of the Public Service Commission and judges.[61]

Following Parliamentary approval of the white paper in November 1994,[62] the Government established an independent panel to examine the benchmark for the Prime Minister's salary. The panel's report, released in January 1995, recommended that the benchmark be about $1.6 million a year, but said it would be reasonable for the Prime Minister to be paid $2.4 million in view of his heavy responsibilities. The Government said that in three years it planned to raise the pay of the Prime Minister to $1.46 million and that of ministers to 60% of the benchmark, and in the "longer term" to $1.6 million and two-thirds of the benchmark respectively.[63]

In February 1996, it was reported that a survey of 19 countries by the World Economic Forum magazine World Link had found that political leaders and senior civil servants of Singapore had the highest salaries.Template:Citation needed The pay of the Singapore Prime Minister (S$1.1 million, or US$812,858) was almost five times the average pay of the chief political executives of the nations surveyed (US$168,291). Senior civil servants were paid US$292,714, almost three times their counterparts' average pay.[64]

In August 2000, in view of the Singapore economy's growth of almost 10% led by a rapid increase in exports, the salary of the Prime Minister was increased by 14% and those of other ministers by 12%. In response to public disquiet, Goh Chok Tong said that, spread across the population, the rises amounted to about $11 per person, equivalent to "about five plates of char kway teow [fried noodles with cockles] per Singaporean".[65] Subsequently, in late 2001, when Singapore experienced its worst recession in a generation, ministerial pay was reduced by more than 17%. Nonetheless, it was reported that the prime minister still earned a gross annual salary of about $1.03 million before the variable component was taken into account.[65]

In April 2007, the Prime Minister's annual salary increased to S$3.1 million (US$2.05 million), about five times that of the then President of the United States George W. Bush who earned US$400,000.[66] The annual entry-level salary for ministers increased from $1.2 million to $1.6 million, and was projected to rise to 88% of the private sector benchmark by the end of 2008. Almost half of ministers' pay packages was made up of an individual performance bonus decided by the Prime Minister, and a variable bonus component based on the country's prevailing gross domestic product and capped at eight months of each minister's annual salary.[67] The pay increases were justified by the Government on the grounds that the salaries had to keep pace with those in the private sector to attract the best talent and to avoid corruption. Teo Chee Hean, the then Minister for Defence and minister in charge of the civil service, was reported as saying: "We don't want pay to be the reason for people to join [the government]. But we also don't want pay to be the reason for them not to join us, or to leave after joining us."[66] The increases sparked much debate both in and out of Parliament, with many people seeing ministerial pay as already being too high.[66] During a Parliamentary debate on the issue, then Nominated Member of Parliament Thio Li-ann said: "It would be a sad indictment of my generation if no one came forward to serve without excessive monetary inducement, as to be bereft of deep convictions is to be impoverished indeed."[68] On 11 April 2007, the Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong told Parliament: "To make it quite clear why I am doing this, and also to give me the moral standing to defend this policy with Singaporeans, I will hold my own salary at the present level for five years. The government will pay me my full salary, because that is the way the system will have to work, but for five years, whatever the increase in the salary above its present level, I will donate to suitable good causes."[69] The following day, it was clarified that the Prime Minister had decided to do so a while ago, and that he had not been influenced by pressure arising from the announcement of the ministerial pay rise.[70]

In 2008, the annual salary for entry-level ministers was $1,924,300.[71] In view of the worsening economic crisis in 2008–2009, as of January 2009 the Prime Minister's salary was cut to $3.04 million, while the pay of ministerial-grade officers was reduced by 18% to $1.57 million.[72] In November 2009, the Public Service Division announced that pay increments would be deferred for a second time in 2010 because of the uncertain economic recovery. A minister's 2009 salary of $1,494,700 per year was therefore 22% lower than the salary received in 2008.[71]

2011 review[]

As at 31 December 2010, the remuneration of ministers depended on which ministerial grade – from the lowest to the highest, MR4, MR3, MR2 or MR1 – they were at.[73] Each minister's pay package was made up of fixed components (a monthly salary for 12 months, a non-pensionable annual allowance of one month's salary, a special allowance of one month's salary, and a public service leadership allowance of two months' salary) and variable components (an annual variable component, a performance bonus, and a gross domestic product (GDP) bonus). The annual variable component of up to one and a half-month's salary was paid based on Singapore's economic performance. In years where economic performance was exceptional, a special variable payment was also made. Each minister's performance bonus was determined by the Prime Minister and could be up to 14 months' salary, though most good performers received the equivalent of nine months' salary. The GDP bonus depended on the nation's GDP growth rate. No bonus was paid if the rate was below 2%, and a maximum bonus of eight months' salary was paid if the rate was 10% or greater. In addition, ministers received the same medical benefits as civil servants.[74] In 2010, the benchmark annual remuneration for an MR4-grade minister was $2,598,004, while the actual salary paid was $1,583,900.[75] An MR1-grade minister's salary was $2,368,500.[76] The annual pay of the Prime Minister was set at a fixed ratio to the MR4 salary,[73] and was $3,072,200 in 2010.[75] This included a fixed service bonus in lieu of a performance bonus since there was no one to assess the Prime Minister's individual performance. The fixed service bonus was the same as the performance bonus paid to a good performer at the MR4 grade.[77]

On 21 May 2011, following the 2011 general election, the Prime Minister announced that a committee would be appointed to review politicians' remuneration, and that revised salaries would take effect from that date. The committee to Review Ministerial Salaries chaired by Gerard Ee rendered its report on 30 December 2011, and released it to the public on 4 January 2012. As regards ministerial pay, the Committee recommended benchmarking an MR4-grade minister's salary to the median income of the top 1,000 wage earners who are Singapore citizens, with a 40% discount "to signify the sacrifice that comes with the ethos of political service".[78] It also recommended removing the special allowance and public service leadership allowance; capping performance bonuses at six months' salary (with good performers generally receiving three months' salary); and replacing the GDP bonus with a national bonus based on four equally weighted indicators: the real median income growth rate (that is, the growth rate taking inflation into account), the real growth rate of the incomes of the lowest 20th percentile earners, the unemployment rate, and the real GDP growth rate. As regards the latter, no bonus will be paid if the minimum targets for the indicators are not met. A bonus of three months' salary will be paid if the targets are met, and a maximum bonus of six months' salary if the targets are greatly exceeded.[79] This would result in a reduction of an M4-grade minister's annual salary by 31% of the 2010 figure to $1.1 million.[80][81]

Where the Prime Minister's remuneration was concerned, the Committee recommended that it be pegged to twice of a MR4-grade minister's salary and doing away with the fixed service bonus. Instead, the Prime Minister will receive a larger national bonus. His annual bonus where the targets for the indicators have been met will be six months' salary, and 12 months' salary where they have been greatly exceeded.[82] This will lead to a reduction in the Prime Minister's annual salary of 28% to $2.2 million (about US$1.7 million).[83] Lee Hsien Loong said that he accepted the committee's recommendations. He remains the best-paid head of government in the world, his proposed annual pay package exceeding that of the then Chief Executive of Hong Kong Sir Donald Tsang, the political leader with the second-highest salary in the world (around US$550,000), by about three times; and that of then President of the United States Barack Obama (US$400,000)[84] by over four times.[85]

The committee's report was discussed in Parliament from 16 to 18 January 2012. Setting out the position of the Workers' Party, Chen Show Mao said that the basic monthly salary of an MP should be $11,000, the pay of an MX9-grade director in the Management Executive Scheme of the Civil Service. A minister should be paid five times this sum ($55,000), and the Prime Minister nine times ($99,000). then NCMP Gerald Giam said that ministers should obtain an average annual bonus of three months of their base salaries, and in any case no more than five months' bonus. Two-thirds of the bonus should be made up of the national bonus, and the remaining third based on the individual's performance, which should be determined according to key performance indicators fixed for each ministry at the start of a new government's term. Moreover, only a portion of bonuses should be paid at the end of each year. Payment of the remainder should be deferred until the end of the government's term. If the minister's performance is poor, some of the withheld bonus should be clawed back.[86][87] The WP's proposal was criticized by a number of PAP MPs. Senior Minister of State for Health Amy Khor expressed the view that "[p]olitical service is much more than public service. Civil servants are not subject to the votes of citizens nor do they need to carry the ground in policymaking. ... Pegging ministerial salaries to civil service salaries is not an adequate mechanism to account for the burdens and responsibilities that come with the job."[87]

Rounding up the debate, Deputy Prime Minister Teo Chee Hean said that under the WP's proposal for calculating ministerial salaries, the quantum achieved was similar to the sum proposed by the committee, and that in his view the WP had approved the three principles of the new system: the requirement for the pay to be competitive, recognition of the ethos of political service, and the desirability of a "clean wage" system (that is, one in which ministers do not receive additional benefits such as housing and medical allowances).[88][89] PAP MPs then voted to endorse the committee's proposals.[89]

On 26 March 2012, the Public Service Division of the Prime Minister's Office announced that the fixed component of the salary of a political appointment holder would be 13 months of his or her monthly salary. For 2011, the annual variable component of the salary would be 1.25 months plus $250, while the national bonus would be 2.625 months though appointment holders would receive a pro rata amount of 1.618 months' pay as the new salaries took effect from 21 May 2011 when the Cabinet was appointed following the general election. The targets for the four indicators making up the national bonus were 2–3% for real median income growth of citizens and real median income growth for the lowest 20th percentile of citizens, 3–5% for real GDP growth, and not more than 4.5% for the unemployment rate of citizens. Each appointment holder's performance bonus would be determined by the Prime Minister.[90]

Pensions[]

At present, persons who have reached the age of 50 years and retired as MPs and who have served in this capacity for not less than nine years may be granted a pension for the rest of their lives. The annual amount payable is Template:Frac of the person's highest annual salary for every completed year of service and Template:Frac for every uncompleted year, up to a ceiling of two-thirds of the Member's annual salary.[91] In addition, a retired MP who is at least 50 years old and has for not less than eight years held the office of Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister, Senior Minister or Minister[92] may receive an additional pension each year of Template:Frac of his or her highest annual salary for each completed year of service and Template:Frac for each uncompleted year, subject again to a ceiling of two-thirds of the office-holder's annual salary.[93] Members who have reached the age of 55 years and have served not less than eight years as Ministers may be granted a pension even if they have not yet ceased to hold office.[94] No person has an absolute right to compensation for past services or to any pension or gratuity, and the President may reduce or withhold pensions and gratuities upon an MP's conviction for corruption.[95]

The committee to Review Ministerial Salaries recommended that pensions for political appointment holders be abolished in favour of Central Provident Fund payments. Appointment holders appointed on and after 21 May 2011 will not receive any pension, while those appointed before that date will only be eligible for pensions accrued up to that date. Such pensions will be paid after they step down or retire from office.[96] If the removal of pensions is taken into account, the Prime Minister's annual salary will be reduced from the 2010 figure by 36%, and that of MR4-grade ministers by 37%.[81][97]

Cabinet Changes[]

Portfolio Name Start End
Senior Minister of State
Prime Minister's Office Lee Khoon Choy 12 February 1979 1 January 1985
Home Affairs Lee Boon Yang 13 September 1988 27 November 1990
Labour Lee Yock Suan 2 January 1985 31 December 1986
Foreign Affairs Abdul Rahim Ishak 16 September 1972 1 May 1981
Lee Khoon Choy 16 September 1972 11 February 1979
S. Dhanabalan 12 February 1979 31 May 1980
Yeo Cheow Tong 13 September 1988 27 November 1990
Communications Ong Teng Cheong 2 June 1975 30 June 1978
Finance Goh Chok Tong 1 September 1977 14 March 1979
Tan Eng Liang 1 June 1978 19 February 1979
Education Chai Chong Yii 2 June 1975 6 January 1981
Tony Tan 12 February 1979 31 May 1980
Tay Eng Soon 13 September 1988 31 August 1991
National Development Tan Eng Liang 2 June 1975 31 May 1978
S. Dhanabalan 16 June 1978 11 February 1979
Lee Boon Yang 13 September 1988 27 November 1990
Culture Chai Chong Yii 6 January 1981 1 May 1981
Defence Lee Boon Yang 28 November 1990 30 June 1991
Minister of State
Prime Minister's Office Ya'acob bin Mohamed 18 September 1965 6 January 1981
Lee Khoon Choy 16 April 1968 15 September 1972
Wan Soon Bee 7 September 1983 1 January 1986
Social Affairs (Until 1985)
Community Development (From 1985) 		Ahmad Mattar 5 September 1977 6 January 1981
Ch'ng Jit Koon 2 January 1985 31 August 1991
Wong Kan Seng 1 March 1985 17 February 1986
Seet Ai Mee 1 November 1988 30 June 1991
Trade and Industry Wong Kwei Cheong 7 September 1983 1 January 1986
Lee Hsien Loong 2 January 1985 17 February 1986
Lee Boon Yang 18 February 1986 31 December 1986
Mah Bow Tan 1 October 1988 31 August 1991
National Development Lee Yock Suan 21 September 1981 23 October 1983
Lee Boon Yang 1 January 1987 13 September 1988
Peter Sung 1 November 1988 31 August 1991
Finance Yang See Chim 11 August 1970 15 September 1972
Lee Yock Suan 24 October 1983 1 January 1985
George Yeo 13 September 1988 27 November 1990
Foreign Affairs Abdul Rahim Ishak 16 April 1968 15 September 1972
Yeo Cheow Tong 9 February 1985 13 September 1988
Peter Sung 1 November 1988 27 November 1990
George Yeo 13 September 1988 27 November 1990
Law S. Jayakumar 21 September 1981 31 May 1984
Labour Sia Kah Hui 11 August 1970 1 May 1981
Wong Kwei Cheong 6 January 1981 6 September 1983
Home Affairs S. Jayakumar 21 September 1981 31 May 1984
Wong Kan Seng 1 March 1985 6 May 1985
Lee Boon Yang 18 February 1986 13 September 1988
Peter Sung 28 November 1990 31 August 1991
Health Ang Kok Peng 29 April 1974 31 December 1976
Yeo Cheow Tong 9 February 1985 31 December 1986
Aline Wong 28 November 1990 31 August 1991
Education Abdul Rahim Ishak 18 September 1965 15 April 1968
Chai Chong Yii 16 September 1972 28 April 1974
Tay Eng Soon 1 April 1981 13 September 1988
Seet Ai Mee 1 November 1988 30 June 1991
Sidek Saniff 1 July 1991 31 August 1991
Defence Wee Toon Boon 18 September 1965 15 September 1972
Bernard Chen 24 May 1977 1 May 1981
Yeo Ning Hong 1 April 1981 31 May 1984
Lee Hsien Loong 2 January 1985 31 December 1986
Culture (Until 1985)
Information and the Arts (From 1990) 		Lee Khoon Choy 18 September 1965 3 May 1968
Fong Sip Chee 2 May 1981 1 January 1985
Communications (Until 1985)
Communications and Information (1985 - 1990)
Communications (From 1990) 		Ang Kok Peng 16 September 1972 28 April 1974
Chai Chong Yii 29 April 1974 1 June 1975
Tay Eng Soon 2 January 1985 17 February 1986
Wong Kan Seng 7 May 1985 31 December 1986
Mah Bow Tan 1 October 1988 30 June 1991
Senior Parliamentary Secretary
Prime Minister's Office Ch'ng Jit Koon 2 January 1982 1 January 1985
National Development Lee Yiok Seng 1 May 1981 31 August 1991
Education Ho Kah Leong 2 January 1985 18 February 1986
Sidek Saniff 13 September 1988 27 November 1990
Trade and Industry Chan Chee Seng 6 January 1981 31 December 1982
Eugene Yap Giau Cheng 1 January 1987 25 January 1990
Defence Phua Bah Lee 16 September 1972 13 September 1988
Labour Fong Sip Chee 16 September 1972 2 May 1981
Eugene Yap Giau Cheng 2 January 1985 6 May 1985
Environment Chor Yeok Eng 16 September 1972 31 December 1982
Eugene Yap Giau Cheng 7 May 1985 25 January 1990
Home Affairs Chin Harn Tong 1 May 1981 13 September 1988
Communications and Information (1985 - 1990)
Information and the Arts (From 1990) 		Ho Kah Leong 18 February 1986 13 September 1988
Ho Kah Leong 28 November 1990 31 August 1991
Culture Sha'ari Tadin 16 September 1972 31 December 1976
Social Affairs Chan Chee Seng 16 September 1972 2 May 1981
Parliamentary Secretary
Prime Minister's Office (Prime Minister) Ya'acob bin Mohamed 19 October 1963 17 September 1965
Prime Minister's Office (Deputy Prime Minister) Buang bin Omar Junid 19 October 1963 15 April 1968
Prime Minister's Office Chin Harn Tong 17 March 1980 6 January 1981
National Development Ho Cheng Choon 19 October 1963 1 April 1979
Lee Yiok Seng 1 March 1979 30 April 1981
Finance S. Ramaswamy 1 March 1966 3 May 1968
Yang See Chim 4 May 1968 10 August 1970
Lee Boon Yang 7 May 1985 17 February 1986
Foreign Affairs L. P. Rodrigo 1 August 1969 5 September 1970
Ong Soo Chuan 16 September 1972 1 August 1978
Yatiman Yusof 1 April 1986 27 November 1990
Law S. Ramaswamy 3 May 1968 10 October 1970
Social Affairs (Until 1985)
Community Development (From 1985) 		Chan Chee Seng 19 October 1963 15 September 1972
Buang bin Omar Junid 3 May 1968 31 March 1970
Sidek Saniff 2 May 1981 1 January 1985
Teo Cheong Tee 21 September 1981 31 March 1986
Labour Wee Toon Boon 19 October 1963 17 September 1965
Sia Kah Hui 1 February 1967 10 August 1970
Fong Sip Chee 1 January 1972 15 September 1972
Eugene Yap Giau Cheng 1 June 1981 1 January 1985
Health Sia Kah Hui 19 October 1963 1 February 1967
Chor Yeok Eng 2 November 1966 15 September 1972
Wan Hussin Zoohri 21 September 1981 1 January 1985
Education Abdul Rahim Ishak 19 October 1963 17 September 1965
Lee Chiaw Meng 3 May 1968 10 August 1970
Mohd Ghazali bin Ismail 11 August 1970 31 May 1972
Sha'ari bin Tadin 1 June 1972 15 September 1972
Ahmad Mattar 16 September 1972 4 September 1977
Ow Chin Hock 6 January 1981 1 May 1981
Ho Kah Leong 2 May 1981 1 January 1985
Tang Guan Seng 18 February 1986 31 August 1991
Communications (Until 1985)
Communications and Information (From 1985) 		Phua Bah Lee 3 May 1968 31 December 1971
Lim Guan Hoo 16 September 1972 15 July 1973
Sidek Saniff 1 April 1980 1 May 1981
Wan Hussin Zoohri 2 January 1985 1 January 1986
Culture Fong Sip Chee 19 October 1963 31 December 1971
Lee Khoon Choy 12 July 1965 17 September 1965
Sha'ari bin Tadin 1 June 1972 15 September 1972
Ow Chin Hock 1 October 1977 6 January 1981
Sidek Saniff 1 April 1980 1 May 1981
Wan Hussin Zoohri 21 September 1981 1 January 1985
Defence Phua Bah Lee 1 January 1972 15 September 1972
Environment Teo Cheong Tee 3 May 1983 1 January 1985
Lee Boon Yang 2 January 1985 6 May 1985
Trade and Industry Sidek Saniff 2 May 1981 13 September 1988
Home Affairs L. P. Rodrigo 6 September 1970 15 September 1972
Lim Guan Hoo 16 July 1973 30 June 1977
Chin Harn Tong 1 July 1978 16 March 1980
Lee Boon Yang 7 May 1985 17 February 1986
Tang Guan Seng 13 September 1988 31 August 1991

Timeline of members[]

The following is a list of the members of the Cabinet of Singapore since the 1959 Singaporean general election. Members ranked first have held either the office of prime minister, deputy prime minister, senior minister or principal cabinet portfolios (finance, defence, foreign affairs and home affairs). This list excludes ministers of state and parliamentary secretaries.

  • 1st Cabinet (formed June 1959): Lee Kuan Yew (PM), Toh Chin Chye (DPM), Goh Keng Swee, Ong Pang Boon
  • 2nd Cabinet (formed October 1963): Lee Kuan Yew, Toh Chin Chye, Goh Keng Swee, Lim Kim San (S), S. Rajaratnam (S)
  • 3rd Cabinet (formed April 1968): Lee Kuan Yew, Goh Keng Swee, S. Rajaratnam, Ong Pang Boon, Hon Sui Sen (S), Wong Lin Ken (S)
  • 4th Cabinet (formed September 1972): Lee Kuan Yew, Goh Keng Swee (DPM), S. Rajaratnam, Hon Sui Sen, Edmund W. Barker, Chua Sian Chin (S)
  • 5th Cabinet (formed December 1976): Lee Kuan Yew, Goh Keng Swee, S. Rajaratnam (DPM), Hon Sui Sen, Chua Sian Chin, Howe Yoon Chong (S), S. Dhanabalan (S)
  • 6th Cabinet (formed January 1981): Lee Kuan Yew, Goh Keng Swee, S. Rajaratnam, Hon Sui Sen (†), Chua Sian Chin, Howe Yoon Chong, S. Dhanabalan, Goh Chok Tong (S), Tony Tan (S)
  • 7th Cabinet (formed January 1985): Lee Kuan Yew, Goh Chok Tong (DPM), Ong Teng Cheong (DPM), S. Rajaratnam (SM), S. Dhanabalan, Tony Tan, S. Jayakumar, Richard Hu (S)
  • 8th Cabinet (formed September 1988): Lee Kuan Yew, Goh Chok Tong, Ong Teng Cheong, S. Jayakumar, Richard Hu, Wong Kan Seng
  • 9th Cabinet (formed November 1990): Goh Chok Tong (PM), Lee Kuan Yew (SM), Ong Teng Cheong, Lee Hsien Loong (DPM), S. Jayakumar, Richard Hu, Wong Kan Seng, Yeo Ning Hong (S)
  • 10th Cabinet (formed September 1991): Goh Chok Tong, Lee Kuan Yew, Ong Teng Cheong, Lee Hsien Loong, Tony Tan (DPM), S. Jayakumar, Richard Hu, Wong Kan Seng, Yeo Ning Hong, Lee Boon Yang (S)
  • 11th Cabinet (formed January 1997): Goh Chok Tong, Lee Kuan Yew, Lee Hsien Loong, Tony Tan, S. Jayakumar, Richard Hu, Wong Kan Seng
  • 12th Cabinet (formed November 2001): Goh Chok Tong, Lee Kuan Yew, Lee Hsien Loong, Tony Tan, S. Jayakumar, Wong Kan Seng, Teo Chee Hean (S)
  • 13th Cabinet (formed August 2004): Lee Hsien Loong (PM), Goh Chok Tong (SM), Lee Kuan Yew (MM), Tony Tan, S. Jayakumar (DPM), Wong Kan Seng, Teo Chee Hean, George Yeo
  • 14th Cabinet (formed May 2006): Lee Hsien Loong, Goh Chok Tong, Lee Kuan Yew, Teo Chee Hean (DPM), Wong Kan Seng (DPM), S. Jayakumar (SM), George Yeo (L), Tharman Shanmugaratnam (S), K. Shanmugam (S)
  • 15th Cabinet (formed May 2011): Lee Hsien Loong, Teo Chee Hean, Tharman Shanmugaratnam (DPM), K. Shanmugam, Ng Eng Hen
  • 16th Cabinet (formed September 2015): Lee Hsien Loong, Heng Swee Keat (DPM), Teo Chee Hean (SM), Tharman Shanmugaratnam (SM), K. Shanmugam, Ng Eng Hen, Vivian Balakrishnan
  • 17th Cabinet (formed July 2020): Lee Hsien Loong, Heng Swee Keat, Lawrence Wong (DPM), Teo Chee Hean, Tharman Shanmugaratnam (R), K. Shanmugam, Ng Eng Hen, Vivian Balakrishnan

Notes:

  • (PM): Appointed Prime Minister
  • (DPM): Appointed Deputy Prime Minister
  • (SM): Appointed Senior Minister
  • (MM): Appointed Minister Mentor
  • (S): Appointed via cabinet reshuffle
  • (L): Lost re-election
  • (R): Resigned from office
  • (†): Died in office
Tan See LengChee Hong TatNg Chee MengOng Ye KungEdwin TongDesmond Lee (Singaporean politician)Tan Chuan-JinChan Chun SingLawrence WongHeng Swee KeatJosephine TeoMasagos ZulkifliGrace FuLui Tuck YewMaliki OsmanIndranee RajahGan Kim YongRaymond LimKhaw Boon WanVivian BalakrishnanNg Eng HenTharman ShanmugaratnamS. IswaranLim Hwee HuaYaacob IbrahimLim Swee SayTeo Chee HeanLim Hng KiangMah Bow TanK. ShanmugamGeorge YeoAbdullah TarmugiLee Boon YangYeo Cheow TongWong Kan SengLee Hsien LoongRichard HuLim Boon HengLee Yock SuanYeo Ning HongS. Jayakumar (Singaporean politician)Teh Cheang WanTony TanHowe Yoon ChongLim Chee OnnS. DhanabalanGoh Chok TongAhmad MattarOng Teng CheongHon Sui SenWong Lin KenLee Chiaw MengChua Sian ChinEdmund W. BarkerOthman WokJek Yeun ThongLim Kim SanTan Kia GanOng Eng GuanAhmad Ibrahim (Singaporean politician)Kenneth Michael ByrneYong Nyuk LinOng Pang BoonS. RajaratnamGoh Keng SweeToh Chin ChyeLee Kuan YewFifth Lee Hsien Loong CabinetFourth Lee Hsien Loong CabinetThird Lee Hsien Loong CabinetSecond Lee Hsien Loong CabinetFirst Lee Hsien Loong CabinetFourth Goh Chok Tong CabinetThird Goh Chok Tong CabinetSecond Goh Chok Tong CabinetFirst Goh Chok Tong CabinetEighth Lee Kuan Yew CabinetSeventh Lee Kuan Yew CabinetSixth Lee Kuan Yew CabinetFifth Lee Kuan Yew CabinetFourth Lee Kuan Yew CabinetThird Lee Kuan Yew CabinetSecond Lee Kuan Yew CabinetFirst Lee Kuan Yew Cabinet

See also[]

Notes[]

Template:Notelist

References[]

Citations[]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Template:Cite press release
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Letters patent dated 17 November 1877.
  6. ↑ 1877 letters patent, Art. II.
  7. ↑ Template:Citation.
  8. ↑ Template:Citation.
  9. ↑ By the Straits Settlements (Repeal) Act 1946 (9 & 10 Geo. 4. c. 37) and the Singapore Order-in-Council 1946, S. R. & O., 1946, No. 462 (UK), dated 27 March 1946.
  10. ↑ Tan, "A Short Legal and Constitutional History of Singapore", p. 41.
  11. ↑ By the Singapore Colony Order-in-Council 1955, S.I. 1955, No. 187 (UK).
  12. ↑ Template:Citation.
  13. ↑ Tan, "A Short Legal and Constitutional History of Singapore", pp. 42–43.
  14. ↑ Template:Citation.
  15. ↑ Turnbull, p. 264.
  16. ↑ Singapore (Constitution) Order-in-Council 1958, S.I. 1958, No. 156 (UK).
  17. ↑ Singapore (Constitution) Order-in-Council 1958 (UK), Art. 21.
  18. ↑ Singapore (Constitution) Order-in-Council 1958 (UK), Arts. 15–19.
  19. ↑ Tan, "A Short Legal and Constitutional History of Singapore", pp. 44–45.
  20. ↑ Tan, "A Short Legal and Constitutional History of Singapore", p. 46.
  21. ↑ Constitution and Malaysia (Singapore Amendment) Act 1965 (No. 53 of 1965) (Malaysia), ss. 4 and 5.
  22. ↑ Constitution and Malaysia (Singapore Amendment) Act 1965 (Malaysia), s. 6.
  23. ↑ Template:Singapore legislation, s. 4.
  24. ↑ Template:Singapore legislation, Art. 24(1).
  25. ↑ Constitution, Arts. 17(2) ("The President shall be elected by the citizens of Singapore in accordance with any law made by the Legislature.") and 39(1) ("Parliament shall consist of – (a) such number of elected Members as is required to be returned at a general election by the constituencies prescribed by or under any law made by the Legislature; (b) such other members ... who shall be known as non-constituency Members ...; and (c) such other Members ... who shall be known as nominated Members ..." The procedure for elections is governed by the Template:Singapore legislation and the Template:Singapore legislation.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Singapore Constitution, Art. 25(1).
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Template:Citation.
  28. ↑ Speech of the First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Defence Goh Chok Tong on the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Bill, Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (29 March 1990), vol. 55, col. 1045.
  29. ↑ Speech of MP Hri Kumar Nair on the President's Address, Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (26 May 2009), vol. 86 (no column numbers assigned yet).
  30. ↑ Template:Citation.
  31. ↑ Constitution. Art. 27.
  32. ↑ Constitution, Art. 33.
  33. ↑ Template:Citation.
  34. ↑ Code of Conduct for Ministers, para. 1.1.
  35. ↑ Code of Conduct for Ministers, para. 3.1.
  36. ↑ Code of Conduct for Ministers, para. 3.4.
  37. ↑ Code of Conduct for Ministers, para. 3.5.
  38. ↑ Constitution, Art. 26(1).
  39. ↑ Constitution, Art. 66.
  40. ↑ Stephen Kalong Ningkan v. Tun Abang Haji Openg [1966] 2 M.L.J. [Malayan Law Journal] 187, declining to apply the approach taken by the Privy Council on appeal from Nigeria in Template:Cite BAILII. See also Template:Citation.
  41. ↑ Datuk Amir Kahar v. Tun Mohd Said bin Keruak, Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sabah [1995] 1 M.L.J. 169.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Thio, "The Constitutional Framework of Powers", p. 85.
  43. ↑ Constitution, Art. 26(2).
  44. ↑ Constitution, Art. 26(3).
  45. ↑ Art. 26 of the Constitution does not list the dissolution of Parliament as a ground on which the Prime Minister and a minister must vacate their offices. In addition, Art. 25(2) states that an MP may be appointed as Prime Minister by the President when Parliament is dissolved, but that MP shall not continue to hold office after the first sitting of the next Parliament unless he is also an MP of that Parliament.
  46. ↑ Constitution, Art. 23(1).
  47. ↑ See, generally, Art. 21(2) of the Constitution.
  48. ↑ Constitution, Art. 21(1).
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Constitution, Art. 24(2).
  50. ↑ Template:Citation, Orders 15(1) ("At the conclusion of the President's speech delivered at the opening of any session, Parliament shall stand adjourned without any question being put. The Leader of the House shall give two clear days' notice naming an ordinary sitting day, not less than two clear days after the day on which the speech was delivered, for the next sitting of Parliament, and Parliament shall sit on the day stated in such notice.") and 15(2) ("Such notice shall also give notice for such sitting day, of a motion to be moved by a Minister or other Member named by the Leader of the House that an Address expressing the thanks of Parliament for the speech of the President be agreed to. Debate thereon shall be confined to the policy of the Government as outlined in the speech."). See also Singapore Constitution, Art. 62: "The President may address Parliament and may send messages thereto."
  51. ↑ Constitution, Art. 28(1).
  52. ↑ Constitution, Art. 28(2).
  53. ↑ Constitution, Art. 26(4)(a). The President may revoke any such authority: Art. 26(4)(b).
  54. ↑ Constitution, Art. 26(4)(c).
  55. ↑ Constitution, Art. 30(1).
  56. ↑ Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Responsibility of Senior Minister and Co-ordinating Minister for National Security, Prime Minister's Office) Notification 2009 (S 142/2009).
  57. ↑ Constitution, Art. 30(2).
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Template:Citation.
  60. ↑ Template:Citation.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Template:Citation. See also Template:Citation; Template:Citation; Template:Citation.
  62. ↑ Template:Citation; Template:Citation.
  63. ↑ Template:Citation.
  64. ↑ Template:Citation.
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 Template:Citation.
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 Template:Citation.
  67. ↑ Template:Citation.
  68. ↑ Template:Citation.
  69. ↑ Template:Citation; see also Template:Citation.
  70. ↑ Template:Citation.
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Template:Citation.
  72. ↑ Template:Citation.
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Template:Citation ("Ministerial salaries report").
  74. ↑ Ministerial salaries report, pp. 12–13, paras. 18–19.
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 Ministerial salaries report, p. 11, para. 14.
  76. ↑ Ministerial salaries report, pp. 31–32, para. 85 and Table 3.
  77. ↑ Ministerial salaries report, p. 27, para. 77.
  78. ↑ Ministerial salaries report, p. 5.
  79. ↑ Ministerial salaries report, pp. 25–27, para. 76.
  80. ↑ Ministerial salaries report, p. 6. This is made up of a base pay of $715,000, a one-month annual variable component, a three-month performance bonus and a three-month national bonus* Template:Citation.
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 See also Template:Citation; Template:Citation; Template:Citation.
  82. ↑ Ministerial salaries report, p. 27, paras. 77–78.
  83. ↑ Ministerial salaries report, p. 7.
  84. ↑ Template:Citation.
  85. ↑ Template:Citation.
  86. ↑ Template:Citation; Template:Citation.
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 Template:Citation.
  88. ↑ Template:Citation.
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 Template:Citation; Template:Citation.
  90. ↑ Template:Citation; Template:Citation.
  91. ↑ Template:Singapore legislation, s. 3.
  92. ↑ The Parliamentary Pensions Act, s. 2(1), defines office as "the office of Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister, Speaker, Senior Minister, Minister, Senior Minister of State, Minister of State, Mayor, Senior Parliamentary Secretary, Parliamentary Secretary or Political Secretary".
  93. ↑ Parliamentary Pensions Act, s. 4.
  94. ↑ Parliamentary Pensions Act, s. 5.
  95. ↑ Parliamentary Pensions Act, s. 13.
  96. ↑ Ministerial salaries report, pp. 27–28, paras. 79–80.
  97. ↑ Ministerial salaries report, pp. 6–7. See also Template:Citation.

Sources[]

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  • Template:Citation.
  • Template:Singapore legislation.
  • Template:Citation.
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  • Template:Singapore legislation.
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Further reading[]

Books[]

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News reports[]

  • Template:Citation.

External links[]

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Template:Singapore cabinets Template:Current Cabinet of Singapore Template:Government of Singapore Template:Constitution of Singapore Template:Law of Singapore Template:Singapore topics Template:Asia topic

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