Multi-storey car park

A multi-storey car-park (also called a parking garage, parking structure, parking ramp, parkade, parking building or parking deck) is a building designed for car parking and where there are a number of floors or levels on which parking takes place. It is essentially a stacked car park.

Nomenclature
The term multistorey car park is used in the United Kingdom, Hong Kong and many Commonwealth of Nations countries and commonly misspelled with a hyphen. In the western United States, the term parking structure is used, especially when it is necessary to distinguish such a structure from the "garage" in a house. In some places in North America, "parking garage" refers only to an indoor, often underground, structure. Outdoor multi-level parking facilities are referred to by a number of regional terms:
 * Parking garage is used, to varying degrees, throughout the United States and Canada, and professionally by civil engineers;
 * Parking deck is used in the Southeast;
 * Parking ramp is used in the upper Midwest, especially Minnesota and Wisconsin, and has been observed as far east as Buffalo, New York.
 * Parkade is widely used in Canada and South Africa
 * Parking building is used in New Zealand.

Architects and civil engineers in the USA are likely to call it a parking structure, since their work is all about structures, and that term is the vernacular in some of the western United States. When attached to a high-rise of another use, it is sometimes called a parking podium. United States building codes use the term open parking garage to refer to a structure designed for car storage that has openings along at least 40% of the perimeter, as opposed to an enclosed parking garage that requires mechanical ventilation. Natural or mechanical ventilation provides fresh air flow to disperse car exhaust in normal conditions, or hot gas and smoke in case of fire.

First multi-storey car park
The earliest known multi-storey car park was built in 1918 for the Hotel La Salle at 215 West Washington Street in the West Loop area of downtown Chicago, Illinois. It was designed by Holabird and Roche. The Hotel La Salle was demolished in 1976, but the parking structure remained because it had been designated as preliminary landmark status and the structure was several blocks from the hotel. It was demolished in 2005 after failing to receive landmark status from the city of Chicago. Jupiter Realty Corp. of Chicago is constructing a 49-storey apartment tower in its place, with construction underway.

An alternative claim has emerged from Glasgow, Scotland, for a building that was built between 1906 and 1912.

In the 1920s an English cartoonist imagined a hotel for cars; he drew a multi-storey car park.

Design
Movement of vehicles between floors can be effected by:
 * interior ramps - the most common type
 * exterior ramps - which may take the form of a circular ramp (colloquially known as a 'whirley-gig' in America)
 * vehicle lifts - the least common
 * automated robot systems - combination of ramp and elevator

Where the car park is built on sloping land, it may be split-level or have sloped parking.

Many car parks are independent buildings dedicated exclusively to that use. The design loads for car parks are often less than the office building they serve (50 psf versus 80 psf), leading to long floor spans of 55–60 feet that permit cars to park in rows without supporting columns in between. The most common structural systems in the United States for these structures are either prestressed concrete concrete double-tee floor systems or post-tensioned cast-in-place concrete floor systems.

In recent times, car parks built to serve residential and some business properties have been built as part of a larger building, often underground as part of the basement, such as at the Atlantic Station redevelopment in Atlanta. This saves land for other uses (as opposed to a parking lot), is cheaper and more practical in most cases than a separate structure, and is hidden from view. It protects customers and their cars from weather such as rain, snow, or hot summer sunshine that raises a vehicle's interior temperature to extremely high levels. Underground parking of only two levels was considered an innovative concept in 1964, when developer Louis Lesser developed a two-level underground parking structure under six 10-storey high-rise residential halls at California State University, Los Angeles, which lacked space for horizontal expansion in the 176 acre university. The simple two-level parking structure was considered unusual enough in 1964 that a separate newspaper section entitled “Parking Underground” described the garage as an innovative “concept” and as “subterranean spaces”. In Toronto, a 2,400 space parking lot below Nathan Phillips Square is one of the world's largest.

Car parks which serve shopping centres can be built adjacent to the centre for easier access at each floor between shops and parking. One example is Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota, USA, which has two large car parks attached to the building, at the eastern and western ends. A common position for car parks within shopping centres in the UK is on the roof, around the various utility systems, enabling customers to take lifts straight down into the centre. Examples of such are The Oracle in Reading and Festival Place in Basingstoke.

These garages often have low ceiling clearances, which restrict access by full size vans and other large vehicles. On December 15, 2013, a man was killed during a robbery in the garage at The Mall at Short Hills in Millburn, NJ. The ambulance responding to the shooting was delayed because it was too large to enter the garage.

Structural integrity
Parking structures are subjected to the heavy and shifting loads of moving vehicles, and must bear the associated physical stresses. Expansion joints are used between sections not only for thermal expansion but to accommodate the flexing of the structure's sections due to vehicle traffic. Seismic retrofits can be applied where earthquakes are an issue.

Some parking structures have partly collapsed, either during construction or years later. In July 2009 a fourth-floor section failed at the Centergy building in midtown Atlanta, pancaking down and destroying more than 30 vehicles but injuring no-one. In December 2007, a car crashed into the wall of the deck at the SouthPark Mall in Charlotte, North Carolina, weakening it and causing a small collapse which destroyed two cars below. On the same day, one under construction in Jacksonville, Florida collapsed as concrete was being poured on the sixth floor. In November 2008, the sudden collapse of the middle level of a deck in Montreal was preceded by warning signs some weeks before, including cracks and water leaks. Parking structures are generally not subject to building inspections after being checked for their initial occupancy permit.

Architectural value
These structures are not usually known for their architectural value. As Architectural Record has noted, "In the Pantheon of Building Types, the parking garage lurks somewhere in the vicinity of prisons and toll plazas." The New York Times has labeled parking structures as "the grim afterthought of American design".

A handful of parking garages have received considerable praise for their design, including
 * 1111 Lincoln Road, in the South Beach section of Miami Beach, Florida and designed by the internationally known Swiss architectural firm of Herzog & de Meuron.
 * Santa Monica Place Public Parking Structures at Frank Gehry's Santa Monica Place Mall, by the architectural firm Brooks + Scarpa.
 * The Brutalist Preston bus station in the United Kingdom, which incorporates a multi-storey car park



Automated parking
The earliest use of an automated parking system (APS) was in Paris, France in 1905 at the Garage Rue de Ponthieu. The APS consisted of a groundbreaking multi-story concrete structure with an internal elevator to transport cars to upper levels where attendants parked the cars. A 1931 Popular Mechanics article featured an underground garage where the car was taken to a parking area by a conveyor then an elevator to shuttles mounted on rails

Automatic multi-storey car parks provide lower building cost per parking slot, as they typically require less building volume and less ground area than a conventional facility with the same capacity. However, the cost of the mechanical equipment needed to transport the cars needs to be added to the building cost to determine the total cost. Other costs are usually lower too, for example there is no need for an energy-intensive ventilating system, since cars are not driven inside and human cashiers or security personnel may not be needed.

Automated car parks rely on similar technology to that used for mechanical handling and document retrieval. The driver leaves the car in an entrance module, and it is then transported to a parking slot by a robot trolley. For the driver, the process of parking is reduced to leaving the car inside an entrance module.

At peak periods a wait may occur before entering or leaving because loading passengers and luggage occurs at the entrance and exit rather than at the parking stall. This loading blocks the entrance or exit from being available to others. Whether the retrieval of vehicles is faster in an automatic car park or a conventional car park depends on the layout and number of exits.

An example automated car park is located in the Bucktown neighborhood in Chicago, IL. The parking garage is called the Green Park Eco Garage. This garage was granted a very high ranking from the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). The garage is a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold Level certified, fully automatic parking garage. It is the only LEED gold level certified parking garage in the country. The project will take up less space than a normal parking garage because there are no ramps to drive to different levels, it will eliminate the need for security devices since people will not have access to the unattended cars, and it will cut down on typical lighting, cooling, and ventilating costs associated with parking garages. The Green Park Eco Garage will open in Spring 2013.

Modular car park
Parking demand often grows quickly, significantly and unexpectedly. Modular steel car parks could be the proper solution if the surface area available is not sufficient and can be expanded upwards, or whenever it is not feasible to build up a multi-storey parking. The development concept of traditional build modular car parks is made by the modular assembling method of vertical and horizontal elements (such as columns and beams) with a ceiling made of concrete and tarmac: more modular units can build a parking in different sizes and shape. The solution makes possible to develop a parking structure even in case of particular conditions or constraints, such as archaeological sites or city centres, because it allows:
 * To virtually double the parking surface without leaving any footprint on the ground, as no settlement for excavations or traditional foundations is needed;
 * To double the parking surface by means of a light steel single-deck car park system.
 * Prefab modular components of the system make each project versatile and suitable both to large and small sized areas.

These parking structures are generally demountable and can be relocated so to avoid to make the choice of converting a surface to parking area irrevocably. They are conceived as temporary parking facilities for temporary parking demand needs, whenever the parking demand can be managed dynamically and easily integrated into the planning of urban infrastructures. A number of parking decks have been demounted after a few years, to make room to the development of permanent, multi-storey parking structures, and relocated to respond to local parking demand.